Crocodile Physics Essays - Electromagnetic Radiation,

Crocodile Physics Crocodile Physics Crocodile Physics resembles a very much supplied material science lab where you can investigation to your heart's substance. Covering numerous schedule themes, here is the equipment leveled for the little screen. There are masses, streetcars, focal points and electronic parts to amass, test and take estimations with. You can swing pendulums, change gravity, change edge of slopes to find out about powers. Superb are the optics apparatuses which let you split light into its hues with a crystal and perceive how fiber optics transmit light. A area on eye abandons, where you increment the central length of a scene focal point and see what that never really light beams will make a magnificent instructing device. In spite of the fact that it comes with worksheets, those with extra time can utilize it to make amazing intelligent instructional exercises. Crocodile Physics has been created from Crocodile Clips 3, the acclaimed Secondary School Physics test system utilized in more than 35 nations and suggested by governments around the world. It's a test system for Middle and High school and school material science courses. Crocodile Physics incorporates an incredible optics test system, with a scope of segments including focal points, crystals, mirrors and light sources.You can set the frequency of the light being produced from your source, and pick equal shafts, wandering shafts or beams. You can likewise set the components of the source. Crocodile Physics contains a full scope of electrical segments. Each school branch of knowledge is secured: from the essential batteries, bulbs and switches - which are too given in pictorial structure, to help comprehension of the main standards - to further developed rationale doors, incorporated circuits and semiconductors. An immense part library gives you the opportunity to try such that suits your educating, and permits intrigued understudies to investigate the subject all the more profoundly. One of the key highlights which marks Crocodile Physics out from other instructing programming is the Coordinated Multimedia Editor. This permits you to modify our exercises to suit your necessities, or to compose your own without any preparation. The recreation is numerically exact, permitting you to test plans and investigate the laws of Physics. Most part esteems can be changed voluntarily. Crocodile Material science comes total with more than 100 intelligent on-screen exercises, covering a scope of subjects in power, hardware, optics, mechanics, elements and sound. They consolidate full recreation with data, questions and replies. It's anything but difficult to incorporate them into List of sources Not accessible

Influence of US Marcellus Shale exploration & production on Russian Thesis Proposal

Impact of US Marcellus Shale investigation and creation on Russian LNG trade in Shtokman_proposal - Thesis Proposal Example The expanding supplies of shale gas in the US have considerably decreased US requirements for Russian condensed petroleum gas (LNG), and this move popular has brought about a few geopolitical ramifications. This paper will look at the impacts of US Marcellus Shale investigation and creation on Russian LNG send out in the Shtokman territory of Russia. Russian is among the world’s biggest characteristic exporter. The Shtokman fields are probably the biggest gas fields holding more than 3.8 trillion cubic meters of flammable gas, just as marginally in excess of 37 million tons of condensate gas (Barker 1). The Shtokman field, found by Soviet geophysicist Vladimir Shtokman in 1988, has not been investigated because of the outrageous climatic conditions in the Artic, just as the profundity of the ocean as it fluctuates from 1,050 to 1,120 feet. Russians researchers additionally caution that the advancement of Shtokman field will experience issues as a worldwide temperature alteration sets free ice sheets into the Arctic. So as to counter this test, the Shtokman Development Company will use coasting removable stages that can without much of a stretch be evacuated in crisis circumstances. Information about the presence of shale gas in the US isn't new as geologists have known about the presence of shale arrangements for a serious long time. The chief obstacle has, nonetheless, been the issues of expenses and innovation. These have lessened in the course of the most recent decade by the approach of new innovations that yield significant cost decreases, henceforth making shale gas creation i n the US a reality. The net creation of shale gas in the US has expanded from a low sum in 2000 to in excess of 10 billion cubic feet every day in 2010. These figures will fourfold constantly 2040 and meet the prerequisites of gaseous petrol in the US. It is foremost to take note of that without the limitations of government approaches, as noted in different powers, for example, coal, gaseous petrol will assume a noteworthy job in the US vitality advertise, just as the whole

Is Your Anxiety Caused by Panic Disorder

Is Your Anxiety Caused by Panic Disorder Panic Disorder Symptoms Print Is Your Anxiety Caused by Panic Disorder? By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Updated on August 10, 2019 SensorSpot / Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Coping Related Conditions Most people feel a certain amount of stress and anxiety in their lives. This isn’t necessarily a bad thing. In many situations, feeling a certain level of stress and anxiety can actually help boost your performance in specific contexts. For example, a person may experience a level of anxiety the days leading up to a public speech, marriage, or another big life event. In many situations, a bit of stress and worry can be expected and is considered a perfectly normal reaction. When faced with an upcoming project at work, an important event, or even a blind date, most people will encounter a fleeting sense of nervousness and extra tension. However, persistent and strong feelings of nervousness and anxiety may be a much bigger concern. Anxiety and panicky feelings that linger long after a stressor has passed, or which occur without any clear reason, may indicate that you are struggling with an anxiety disorder. Panic Disorder Feeling panicky doesn’t necessarily mean that you have panic disorder. Feelings of panic and anxiety can vary from person to person. In order for these signs to be considered panic attacks, you must experience at least four of the following physical, mental and emotional symptoms: Numbness or tingling sensationsAccelerated heart rateTrembling and shakingChest painExcessive sweatingShortness of breathNausea or abdominal painFeeling dizzy, lightheaded, unsteady or faintDepersonalization and derealizationFear of losing controlChills or hot flushesFear of dying Panic attacks are the main feature of panic disorder. Attacks associated with this condition occur suddenly without any warning or trigger. They arise seemingly from nowhere, typically reaching a peak in the first 10 minutes and then gradually subsiding. Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD is marked by unrelenting anxiety that occurs for no known reason. Symptoms of worry and nervousness persist for six months or longer. Feelings of fatigue and irritability, difficulty concentrating, and sleep problems are all common problems for people living with GAD. Specific Phobias Phobias involve a fear of a certain object, place or situation. The feelings of fear the person experiences is excessiveâ€"beyond how most people would react and greater than any actual threat of harm. Many specific phobias have their own names. For example, the fear of flying is known as aerophobia and the fear of spiders is called arachnophobia. When faced with his phobia, a person may recognize that his fear is irrational. However, he will still display extreme reactions and can even potentially have a panic attack. Social Anxiety Disorder SAD involves a fear of being judged by others in social situations. In particular, the person believes he is being negatively evaluated by others. Thinking about being perceived poorly by others only makes the person exhibit more uncomfortable behaviors, such as trembling, sweating, shaking, or blushing. People with SAD often stay away from social events or any situations in which the person may be exposed to the scrutiny of others. Agoraphobia Often occurring with panic disorder, agoraphobia entails a fear of having a panic attack in places or situations that the person may find socially embarrassing or challenging to escape from. To save face or to feel more secure, many agoraphobics exhibit avoidance behaviors. Common avoidances include crowded areas, open spaces, and vehicles of transportation. In some extreme cases, the person is so fearful that she becomes homebound with agoraphobia. Discovering Your Diagnosis Seek professional help if you experience ongoing feelings of stress, worry, fear, or anxiety. Only a doctor or qualified mental health specialist can determine an accurate diagnosis. Once diagnosed, your clinician will review your treatment options. Panic Disorder Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Common treatments for anxiety disorders include prescribed medication, psychotherapy  and self-help strategies. Treatment options and results can vary depending on your symptoms, resources, and level of commitment. Through continued treatment and follow-up, people with anxiety disorders can expect to improve their control over their symptoms.

Major Events During Colonization Of The First Two Years...

Chapter Development Please provide the following for three specific time periods: during colonization, for the first two years after chartering and in five to ten years: †¢ Membership goals (recruitment numbers, GPA) †¢ Community interaction and service projects †¢ Campus involvement goals †¢ Programming initiatives (educational/cultural/faculty) †¢ Chapter and alumni board finances †¢ Fundraising efforts †¢ Impact on Greek and Austin Peay State University communities Kappa Kappa Gamma colonies are held to the same expectations and standards as our chapters. Once installed, the chapter will have key milestones related to succession planning and becoming fully operational. More detail will be provided in question five. Membership Goals†¦show more content†¦Additionally, they will identify a local school with whom to work on RIF-related endeavors. no. 3, continued In doing some initial research about the Clarksville, Tennessee, community, there are many wonderful youth-focused organizations that our new chapter could partner with, including the YMCA, the Boys Girls Club, the Clarksville Montgomery County Public Library and the LEAP (Leadership, Enlightenment, Achievement and Perseverance) Organization. In addition to volunteering and fundraising, there are many valuable RIF resources the chapter will make available to our relevant partners to support local literacy efforts. During the first two years after chartering, the Chapter Consultant will work with the chapter to implement service opportunities in the local community and establish an annual Reading Is Key event to benefit children in the Clarksville area. In five to ten years, we expect our chapters to have at least one annual philanthropic event that supports the local community in addition to an ongoing relationship with a local school or agency where members can perform service hours and provide books for children. We know our chapter will consistently be a positive influence in the Clarksville community, the Middle Tennessee region, and beyond. Campus Involvement Goals: We expect our chapter to be active and enthusiastic supporters of the other Greek-letter organizations on the Austin Peay State

Essay about Lets Legalize Gay Marriage - 872 Words

Let’s Legalize Gay Marriage Gay marriage is a right. Heterosexual couples are allowed to enjoy all the marriage benefits, so why shouldn’t same-sex couples be able to? Why should other people be able to choose who marries who? If a man and a woman get married, no one seems to care. Gay marriage should be legal because it’s an issue of equal rights, it would save society money, and it will increase the chances for foster children to be adopted into loving families. Same-sex marriage is an issue of equal rights. All human beings should be treated equally and allowed the same options. So allowing gay couples to wed would promote equality for everyone and break this barrier we have between heterosexuals and homosexuals. Straight couples†¦show more content†¦Since the couple’s combined income would be more, the marriage penalty tax would create more revenue than individually taxing two adults. Every year more and more states are legalizing same sex mar riage because it can boost struggling state economies. So far 17 US states, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Iowa, Illinois, Massachusetts, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington have legalized gay marriage. Basically speaking, more weddings equal more money. There are thousands of foster children who are in need of loving, caring families. Legalizing gay marriage would allow more chances for these children to be adopted. Gays and lesbians makes great parents because they are planned for and truly wanted. There are many heterosexual parents who feel the same way about their children, but homosexual couples don’t have the problems of accidental pregnancies and situations like that. About 4% of the adopted population, about 65,000 live in same-sex households. There are an estimated 523,000 children in foster care in the United States. If gay marriage was legal in every state of the USA, the chances for foster c hildren to be adopted would increase. Children who do have gay parents are more likely to be more open-minded than other children. â€Å"Studies show that children raised by gay and lesbian parents are as emotionally and socially healthy as children of heterosexual parents†(Martin). BringasShow MoreRelatedSame Sex Marriage : A Harmless Change1603 Words   |  7 PagesSame Sex Marriage: A Harmless Change What a great day it is to be writing about same-sex marriages! As of today, June 26th, 2015, same sex marriage is now legal in ALL fifty states. When I first started working on this project, same-sex marriages were not legal nationwide in the United States of America. In fact, it was only legal in a select few of the states. Because same sex-marriages are considered as queer and deviant, it has been a widely controversial issue. This problem, however, hasRead MoreSame-Sex Marriage Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesJust about everyone has an opinion on whether same-sex couples should be allowed to legally marry. The arguments range from personal beliefs to what marriage is said to be in the Bible. Why should a couple be forbidden from showing each other along with family and friends that they are fully committed to each other? What place is it for the government to say that said couple is not allowed to commit to the one who truly makes you happy? Why should these people who are willing to be together forRead MoreLegalize Gay Marriage Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesSame-Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized Just about everyone has an opinion on legally allowing same-sex couples to marry. The arguments range from personal beliefs to what marriage is said to be in the Bible. Why should a couple be forbidden from showing each other along with family and friends that they are fully committed to each other? What place is it for the government to say that said couple is not allowed to commit to the one who truly makes you happy? Why should these people who are willingRead MoreWhy Should We Legalize Gay Marriage?811 Words   |  4 PagesWhy should we legalize gay marriage? Or, in other words, why isnt gay marriage legalized already? Same-sex marriage is just about as humane as opposite-sex marriage. One in ten people are gay. Seems perfectly normal to me. Is it normal to you? And anyway, why dont people like two gays marrying? Lets start out with the facts. The evidence. The nitty-gritty of all this debate. One out of ten people are gay or lesbian. So theres about twenty-eight people in this class, am I right? So thats atRead MoreThe Controversy of Same Sex Marriages Essay1160 Words   |  5 PagesThe Controversy of Same Sex Marriages Imagine you have fallen in love with the person of your dreams, and the two of you have discussed it and have decided to get married. Now imagine that the person you wish to marry is of a different race. It wouldnt be a big deal, right? Well, if this situation had occurred about 50 years ago, it would have been a huge deal. Just a generation ago, many states banned mixed marriages. Seems absurd, doesnt it? Discriminating against an individualRead MoreThe Best Argument against Gay Marriage: Glen Lavys889 Words   |  4 PagesThe Best Argument against Gay marriage: Glen Lavy’s â€Å"Gay marriage and the ‘slippery slope’ † Proponents to the legalization of same sex marriage came up with a lot of reasons as why gay marriage should be legal. The major ones are that not allowing same sex people to get married prevents them from getting legal benefits like hospital visitation, health insurance, family leave and more. They also argued that they are fighting for their rights the same way African Americans were fighting back inRead MoreGay Marriage Should Not Be Legal934 Words   |  4 Pages Gay Marriage Should Not Be Legal It’s unfortunate that people have misunderstood the meaning of marriage. Marriage is not just a term to describe relationship that are precious to us, it’s more than just a union of heart and mind; it’s an institution between a man and a woman. Biblically, marriage is a lifetime union of a man and a woman, primarily for the purpose of building a family and providing a stable environment for that family (1 Corinthian 7:2 16) AccordingRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalized926 Words   |  4 Pagesthat people have misunderstood the meaning of marriage. Marriage is not just a term to describe relationship that are precious to us, it’s more than just a union of heart and mind; it’s an institution between a man and a women. biblically, marriage is a life time union of a man and a women, primarily for the purpose of building a family and providing a stable environments for that family (1 Corinthian 7:2 16) According to Peter Sprigg, same sex marriage should not be legalized because of its immediateRead MoreWhy Gay Marriage Is Wrong for Georgia 990 Words   |  4 Pagesword of the bible and will furthermore try to emulate as much of this lifestyle as possible. However, going by these belief systems and knowing that Georgia is predominantly a Christian state, gay marriage simply does not fit into our southern lifestyle here in Georgia. Georgians should not support gay marriage in this state because it violates the natural laws of the universe, it violates the word of god and his teachings in the bible, and it robs the children the opportunity to actually have a normalRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Illegal1135 Words   |  5 Pagesare as equivalent as heterosexual couples, so they should be recognized and granted marriage licenses. I see gay marriage as a plague that only brings unpleasant consequences to society. Same sex marriage should be illegal because it alters the definiti on and the purpose of marriage, has negative effects on children, and is incompatible with sacred texts. According to Genesis chapter 1, the definition of marriage is the intimate union and equal partnership of a man and a woman. â€Å"God created man

Sociology and Social Sciences Free Essays

string(123) " be such as to produce â€Å"high need-achievement† directed towards â€Å"clusters of followers† once innovations are made\." The traditional social sciences which have been developed as part of the totality of learning in the West have been brought over to Asia. It is now becoming increasingly evident that the validity of such social sciences, whether in the realm of research theory or of action policy, can no longer be accepted uncritically. An appreciation of what is valid or invalid, applicable or inapplicable, is therefore imperative. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology and Social Sciences or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such analysis is necessary not only as an academic venture; social change is basic to the Asian aspiration for modernization and the need is urgent for such change to be directed towards the achievement of what may well be Asian as distinguished from non-Asian goals. CULTURE The problem is clear and present. The Asian academic world, until now, has been staffed with many scholars whose training has been, for the most part, in Western universities and institutions. At the same time, the political and intellectual leadership in the larger life of its society is held to a significant degree of Western-trained leaders. The orientation of many of these leaders has been conditioned by the predominantly Western culture. Trained to think in Western terms through the medium of Western languages, some are experiencing a reawakening to the reality of their situation. Asian intellectuals are undergoing an agonizing period of soul-searching. Their system of values, developed through years of training in, and broad exposure to, Western philosophies, is being shattered by a realization that these values may not be suitable to the Asian environment. Recently, Professor Ruben Santos-Cuyugan of the University of the Philippines expressed misgivings about the movement towards the unification of all knowledge, including the assumption of â€Å"universal categories of culture† and the universality of value judgment. This movement, according to him, makes the social scientist evade one of his fundamental responsibilities which is â€Å"to examine the ways by which his science and thought, indeed his very perceptions, are rooted in the matrix of his own culture† (Santos-Cuyugan 1967). POLITICS In the meantime, in the realm of politics, the postwar leaders of Asia have discovered that independence has not automatically ushered in the Utopia. Thus, they are not seeking the nature and structure of government that will best meet their needs, the political philosophies their peoples should embrace or adopt, and the policies that will bring about the good society by their indigenous standards and values. A starting point is the fact that with a few exceptions, the developing countries of Asia profess belief in freedom and human rights, the rule of law and constitutional government. These concepts and maxims are manifested in their constitutions. However, in spite of guarantees enshrined in their constitutions, these countries find it difficult to achieve real constitutional democracy. For the constitutions of the West have, in many cases, been transplanted to Asian soil without the historical experience that nurtured them in the West, where they were the products of a long period of evolution and development. Democracy implies mass participation by the people in the political process. But if the people are not sufficiently educated in the processes of democracy, or have not sufficiently imbibed its spirit, how can it flourish? In fact, one wonders whether or not the structure of government of the Philippines, patterned as it is after the outlined in the American Constitution, is not really a hindrance to, rather than an instrument for, national development. In any case, it has become quite clear that Western-style democracy has to be modified so as to satisfy the urgent Asian desire for economic progress and social justice. Liberty, as this term is used in the West, has mainly the negative connotation of freedom from arbitrary restraint. In the Asian setting, it must be given a positive content; governments have to assume a greater responsibility for providing opportunities for the growth and self-realization of citizens. In the same manner, â€Å"justice† has had mainly a political connotation in the West, where it is usually associated with law and social behavior. In Asia, if political justice were not integrally related to economic justice, it would be almost peripheral to the real problems. In so far as Asians are concerned, economic justice is the more relevant concept because it touches the heart of the existing social order. In this sense, it is associated with the eradication of poverty and the alleviation of human suffering. Another qualification should be made. There is so much lip-service to the concept of â€Å"rule of law† in many Asian societies. By this, people are supposed to be guided by certain legal precepts in their social relations. However, in the Philippine experience, despite the fact that most Filipinos are professed and vocal adherents of the â€Å"rule of law.† They do not find difficulty in transgressing legal rules because in the business of everyday living, non-legal rules oftentimes command greater obedience than legal ones, especially when values such as family and kinship ties are involved. This is part of the explanation of such phenomenon as nepotism. Which is certainly frowned upon by the formal laws of society, but which is carried out in practice by almost everyone in political authority. Finally, bureaucracy, as an institution, is in external forms and manifestations similar to its prototype in the West. The same formal methods of recruitment, of organizational charts, of job descriptions, etc. , are utilized. But the ethos that animates Asian bureaucracy is obviously quite different from what animates Western bureaucracy. ECONOMICS The discipline of economics fives many illustrations of the limits of applicability of Western concepts, values and methods. The most evident at the moment is the emergence of new branches of study, such as development economics, and of a more socio-psychological approach to the study of economic systems than Keynesian economics allowed at an earlier period. Thus even in the West, there is a growing recognition (e. g. , Hagen 1962), that if economic growth is to occur, a country’s cultural patterns must be such as to produce â€Å"high need-achievement† directed towards â€Å"clusters of followers† once innovations are made. You read "Sociology and Social Sciences" in category "Papers" In fact, to achieve substantial economic development, it is suggested that the number of individuals with the entrepreneurial-motivational complex, and particularly with high achievement drives, will have to be significantly increased. Again, many Western economists have been laboring under the assumption of conventional analysis that the missing elements in developing societies are modern technical knowledge, capital, specially trained manpower, and a sound plan for using capital, manpower and technical knowledge. Once these elements were made available, they assumed, progress will automatically ensue. The international economic policy of the Western nations have therefore generally been geared towards providing these missing elements, with perhaps the strongest bias being in the provision of capital as the principal agent of development. The view is still widespread that if Asian countries can only obtain, through their own efforts or through foreign assistance, as sufficient amount of capital, they would be able to â€Å"finish the job† of development. The truth is that investment, whether public or private is subject to the risks, uncertainties and eccentricities of the poor public administration. Since development is a process, it is subject at every stage to how effectively the government can execute its plans. Moreover, it is now clear that traditional marginal analysis, however useful it may be as a basis for the understanding of advanced economics, can be very misleading for underdeveloped ones. When such factors as population growth and technological progress are made an integral part of analysis, instead of being left out altogether as in traditional equilibrium theory, out analysis can lead to policy conclusions exactly the reverse of what orthodox equilibrium theory might suggest. Even with the emergence in the West of development economics as a new field for the study of developing countries, certain biases continue to show. An example is the fact that in the West, economic development as a goal has been reckoned almost exclusively in terms of increases in annual national income. The corollary problem of income distribution has been merely glossed over. This is a serious omission because of the existing wide disparities in incomes among the peoples of the developing nations. This is illustrated in Philippine society. For this society may be likened to a social pyramid with an acute apex and a very broad base. At the apex is a very small segment of society, the rich and the very rich; at the base are the broad masses of those who are poor and very poor. The constellation of power in our society has traditionally consisted of the hacendero-politico class at the apex of the social pyramid, which held sway over the lives of human beings. More recently, a new industrial class has appeared to increase their numerically few but historically powerful ranks. The elite class enjoys the benefits of modern technology and the affluence that it makes possible while the vast mass of the population lives close to the subsistence level. There is this a distressing and ever-widening gap in the process to goods and services. It is clear, therefore, that to be relevant to the realities of the Asian situation, economic development should not be reckoned only in terms of annual rates of economic growth, or of doubling national incomes in a decade. It should be vitally concerned with promoting economic justice, in spreading more widely the benefits of economic progress, and in continuously opening up new opportunities to an ever-widening circle of entrepreneurs and investors in the developing countries. In short, the achievement of economic democracy has to be a primordial goal, alongside the acceleration of the growth process. SOCIOLOGY In the realm of rural sociology, many practical limits to Western social research concepts and methods have been actually discovered in the Philippines. Methods and Techniques To begin with, planning a research project on the Western pattern is often not warranted by the amount and quality of available resources. There is, for instance, the problem of shortage of local professional social researchers compounded by the attitude which rural folks have for those social researchers. In the West, its rural folks are used to extension workers, welfare-agency volunteers, missionaries and the like. On the other hand, Philippine researchers and interviewers have been looked upon as philanthropists, as some sort of Rockefeller of Ford Foundation representatives ready to give out material aid (Feliciano 1965). The establishment of concepts and definitions has not been easy. Social research is built around a framework which requires certain concepts such as household, family, literacy, religion, cooperation, and the like. But a research group, led by Professor Gloria D. Feliciano of the University of the Philippines, has recently concluded that in diagnostic studies wherein these concepts need to be stated in more refined or precise terms, an adaptation is necessary to avoid getting inaccurate data (Feliciano 1965). The term â€Å"religious affiliation. † For instance, has a connotation in the Philippines different from that in the West, where individualism and not â€Å"familism† prevails. In the West, it implies not only membership of an individual in a religious group. But usually religious preferences as well. In the Philippines, where close family and community ties are predominant, religious affiliation becomes a family or community matter. Hence, the term does not necessarily imply the religious preference of the individual. Another example mention by a Philippine research group has to do with family types: In this country (Philippines), one may not find a simple or nuclear family defined and interpreted according to Western standards. For, although it may appear simple nuclear structurally, functionally it usually partakes of the character of the extended type. Studies in recent years have exploded the myth that structurally the Filipino family is of the extended type. Rather, they showed that although the majority of the nuclear families live apart from one another, this did not deter them from helping one another in times of need or crisis.  (Castillo 1963 and Feliciano 1964, cited in Feliciano 1965). In reporting one of his studies, a Filipino researcher expounded on the problem he encountered in regard to the concept of cooperation: In the West, where this term gave rise to cooperatives, one usually thinks of it in terms of a disciplined, highly ordered code of behavior, de-emphasized family loyalties, rigid business principles, and a high degree of rationalized behavior. In short, the term has come to be associated with individual independence. In the Philippines, however, where the practice is deeply rooted in familiar or family ties, it is a matter of interdependence among indivuals. (Provinse 1960, cited in Feliciano 1965). Finally, insofar as the concept of literacy is concerned, a further refinement of sub-types is needed in the Philippines. It has been discovered that very often one encounters people who could literally read and write but who do not fully understand what they read or write. Role of Women, Role of Education In another report, Professor Gelia T.  Castillo, a pioneer rural research scholar in the Philippines, has found it necessary to reexamine the role of women in the development scheme (Castillo 1964). Her findings showed such strong female influence in family and farm decision-making that for purposes of development work, it would be more fruitful to classify the Filipino woman in the rural scene as an active initiator, legitimizer, and decision-maker in her own right, rather than just a person who plays a mere supportive role to her husband, her father, or her barrio. A closer examination of the role of education has likewise been suggested because, while it is a potent instrument for effecting change in agricultural production, education acquires a different dimension when it â€Å"rules out mud on educated hands. † This view has been corroborated by another rural researcher, Professor Juan F. Jamias (1967). Who has an interesting explanation for the effectiveness of the â€Å"verbal culture† (education, research and extension) in increasing agricultural productivity in the Philippines. He states that the agricultural college degree in the Philippines has been â€Å"white-collarized. † He cites data on the employment distribution of graduates of the College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines, which show that except for 8 percent engaged in farming, all the rest may be classified as white-collar workers. A later and more comprehensive survey revealed that only 1. 3 percent were actually engaged in private farming or business. Most of the graduates were actively involved in teaching and extension work. There are other examples of generalization that need closer scrutiny. In community leadership, does youth versus age necessarily mean change versus status quo? Is the mutual self-help circle, often regarded as an existing resource for cohesive community action, coterminous with the village unit of operations? The problem of concepts and definitions aside, the Feliciano research group has found out, too, that Western scientific sampling techniques are quite difficult to apply because, oftentimes, sampling universes such as geographic, or political subdivision lines are not definitely established. Furthermore, in many places, the basic socio-economic structure of the occupational groups, ethnic and religious groups, and types of land-use and land ownership have not been objectively defined. Raw Materials from Research in Action Programs The traditional social research method, which has come down to us from the West, calls for empirical evidence to support existing ideas. Our experience shows that rural research theory in the Philippines, in fact, being enriched by various experiences in research in action programs. The findings of Professor Gelia Castillo show that the researcher in action setting â€Å"has a unique advantage in obtaining substantive and methodological insights while actually participating in real life events which are part of the process of bringing about change. † At times, she says the problem which defies any design except the kind which involves a faithful description of down-to-earth happenings, is the most fertile source of insights. Examples to support this view have been cited. In the Philippines, many extension workers have claimed that most of the researches done are not practical and economically feasible under village conditions (From The Innovator, 1965). In the Philippines, experience, new theories in rural sociology are arising from empirical evidence. And the existing facts and data gathered are quite interesting because they are the results of pioneer efforts, empirically identified with their meanings laid bare rather than assumed by the conceptualizer. Truly, the agents of change in rural Philippines are breaking virgin ground. Knowing One’s Audience As we have said, in effecting directed social change, Western social scientists have focused their attention on knowing one’s audience. Even in the voluminous literature on diffusion studies in the United States, rarely have investigators addressed themselves to the nature of the innovation and the character of the carriers of change. Among the advocates of change, there is an unchallenged assumption that the change being introduced is good, that the change agent is effective and that, therefore, the farmer who refuses to accept the innovation is irrational (Castillo). To be sure, the audience should be known. Who is the Asian farmer, for instance, whose ways are sought to be changed? This is an extremely important question. Again, one should know his audience in order to evaluate his data. It has been found that the reliability of farmers’ responses depends upon the respondent’s image of the researcher or interviewer and their expectations from the project. The Role of the Change Agent Be that as it may, to understand the subsistence farmer’s response or lack of response to the innovations sought to be introduced, the innovation itself must be proved, and the role of the change agent fully studied. On the latter point, one of the findings is that oftentimes a change agency is as rigid as the farmers it seeks to change. A former consultant has been quoted as saying that â€Å"the problems of development exist just as much in the organization charged with instituting change schemes as they do in the populace they are trying to change. † (Kumata 1960) To other findings have come out of the Philippine experiments. One is that a change agent can hardly expect to be effective unless his roles is accepted by his clientele. Rapport with the villagers, therefore, becomes a key factor. The other is that the agent of change in the Philippines should have a versatility unmatched by his counterpart in the West. The enormity and diversity of problem situations he comes to grips with require an interdisciplinary thinking, especially when he is the only social scientist within a radius of many kilometers. He should not be just a rural sociologist or an agricultural economist but a social scientist with expert preparation in his own discipline. He needs sophistication in social theory, mastery of research methodology, adequate comprehension of bureaucracy and political behavior, and intensive exposure to the world of village action, administration and policy. Towards a Theory for Developing Asian Nations It is of the highest priority that the teachers and practitioners in the social sciences in Asia emancipate themselves from the value-bias of Western concepts and postulates of reasoning. There is need for escaping the universalizing that characterizes much of the social sciences as they have developed in Western academic circles. Asian social scientists should undergo a truly creative engagement with their own culture and society, making use, in the process, of frameworks that provide standards of relevance to the experiences and aspirations of their own people. It should be constantly borne in the mind that there are limits to the applicability of Western concepts, values and method to Asian realities. It is important therefore, that organized efforts be undertaken to compile and codify the vast amount of scattered data on particular subjects of social research in the different countries which are to be found in research offices and libraries of universities. With a commitment to intellectual efforts with a decidedly Asian value base, more genuine works of scholarships in the social sciences should come out of the academic world. With the growing data from field works and social sciences which enable d us to verify the referents of concepts in our respective countries, we may usefully embark on the ambitious project of setting up a theory for the developing Asian nations, and in the process, hopefully, understand ourselves. How to cite Sociology and Social Sciences, Papers

Sustainability Initiatives and Authenticity

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability Initiatives and Authenticity. Answer: Introduction Sustainability initiatives focusses on creating a sustainable development in the environment and the community while building a conducive working relationship between the society and the organization. It also aims in creating awareness through research, public engagement, and involvement with the government to generate a sustainable societal development. Sustainable development is a wide area concerned with the impact of human activities on the environment, economic development and social well-being (Parboteeah et al., p. 308). AIC (African Inland Church) Kijabe Hospital has adopted sustainability initiatives in their operations which has enabled it to grow extensively and hence able to provide its services to many people. Applying principles of sustainable development helps an organization to maximize business opportunities while complying with the government regulations and policies. Sustainability Initiatives and their Benefits to the Society AIC Kijabe hospital is located in Kenya and its known for its providence of high quality services in anesthesia and surgery. Its a missionary hospital whose main aim is to provide health care to every individual specifically the rural poor people (Chao et al., p.610). The hospital management knew the importance of sustainability initiatives and so, they were eager to implement sustainability of staff model so as to improve on the infrastructure and operations of the hospital. Kenya has high mortality and morbidity levels over the years. People suffer from various diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, HIV and other diseases related to malnutrition. Due to such cases, it came up with an initiative in the year 2005 known as Kenyan Essential Package for Health (KEPH) whose aim was to provide basic health services (Muga et al., p. 21). It also introduced National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF) where the earning group was deducted from their monthly salary to cater for their hospital bil ls. For the non-earning group, they also pay a certain amount of money either monthly or yearly. Since Kijabe hospital was started in 1915, it has invested so much on sustainability programs (Pollock et al., p. 497). It has added maternity wards to cater for the pregnant mothers, inpatient wards and an operating theater so as offer efficient delivery services. It has also established a nursing school that trains numerous students on proper health care practices such as nurse anesthetist training. It as well offers internships that helps their students to put into practice what they learn in classes as they prepare them for future career. Similarly, it offers postgraduate medical training and research grounds (Nthumba, p. 435) to investigate causes of various diseases and ways to overcome them. In the year 2005 Kijabe opened an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) which had five-bed. space This enabled them to take care of severe cases. Due to high demand of mechanical ventilator, they established a committee that investigated on the best initiatives to improve on ventilation. Analysis of the Authenticity of the Sustainability Initiatives Kijabe hospital came up with numerous initiatives that were aimed at improving health service delivery and thereby improving the health of the society. Expansion of the operating theater (OT) for instance, saw the hospital meet its needs and demand by offering quality services to many. It also ensured expansion of training programs, infrastructure improvement and better management of resources (Chao et al., p.610). Investing on OT expansion was beneficial to both the hospital management, the employees as well as the society. People would get better services and the employees work in a spacious and conducive environment with a promise of longevity to the hospital (Newton and Bird, p. 449). The initiatives that the management adopted ensured the sustainability of the hospital and saw it become one of the sought after hospital in Kenya. Conclusion For an organization to be successful in implementation of sustainable initiatives, it should involve the employees, government, stakeholders and the society. Communication to the employees and the society as well as their feedback will ensure successful implementation of the initiatives. References Chao, T.E., Rosenberg, J., Patel, P., Riviello, R. and Weintraub, R., 2011. Surgery at AIC Kijabe Hospital in rural Kenya. Population (thousands), 41, p.610. Muga, R., Kizito, P., Mbayah, M. and Gakuruh, T., 2005. Overview of the health system in Kenya. Kenya Service Provision Assessment Survey 2004, pp.13-26. Newton, M. and Bird, P., 2010. Impact of parallel anesthesia and surgical provider training in sub-Saharan Africa: a model for a resource-poor setting. World journal of surgery, 34(3), pp.445-452. Nthumba, P.M., 2010. Blitz surgery: redefining surgical needs, training, and practice in sub-Saharan Africa. World journal of surgery, 34(3), pp.433-437. Parboteeah, K.P., Addae, H.M. and Cullen, J.B., 2012. Propensity to support sustainability initiatives: A cross-national model. Journal of business ethics, 105(3), pp.403-413. Pollock, J.D., Love, T.P., Steffes, B.C., Thompson, D.C., Mellinger, J. and Haisch, C., 2011. Is it possible to train surgeons for rural Africa? A report of a successful international program. World journal of surgery, 35(3), pp.493-499.

One_day_i_wrote_her_name_upon_the_strand Essays -

One_day_i_wrote_her_name_upon_the_strand ?One Day I Wrote Her Name upon the Strand? by Edmund Spenser is a sonnet about a man who vainly tries to write his lover's name in the sand at a beach, only to see it wiped away by the tide. He then realizes that his name will be wiped out as well, eventually (alluding to death). However, the man goes on to realize that his lover's virtues shall last forever in fame (perhaps via this poem, of sorts) and that even in death, their love will live and later be renewed. ?One Day I Wrote Her Name upon the Strand? is a good poem about the powerful feelings of love and fearing not death as the end of love. Poetry and Poets

Dipole Moment Definition

Dipole Moment Definition A dipole moment is a measurement of the separation of two opposite electrical  charges. Dipole moments are a vector quantity. The magnitude is equal to the charge multiplied by the distance between the charges and the direction is from negative charge to positive charge: ÃŽ ¼ q  · r where ÃŽ ¼ is the dipole moment, q is the magnitude of the separated charge, and r is the distance between the charges. Dipole moments are measured in the SI units of coulomb ·meters (C m), but because the charges tend to be very small in magnitude, the historical unit for a dipole moment is the Debye. One Debye is approximately 3.33 x 10-30 C ·m. A typical dipole moment for a molecule is about 1 D. Significance of the Dipole Moment In chemistry, dipole moments are applied to the distribution of electrons between  two bonded atoms. The existence of a dipole moment is the difference between polar and nonpolar bonds. Molecules with a net dipole moment are polar molecules. If the net dipole moment is zero or very, very small, the bond and molecule are considered to be nonpolar. Atoms that have similar electronegativity values tend to form chemical bonds with a very small dipole moment. Example Dipole Moment Values The dipole moment is dependent on temperature, so tables that list the values should state the temperature. At 25 °C, the dipole moment of cyclohexane is 0. It is 1.5 for chloroform and 4.1 for dimethyl sulfoxide. Calculating the Dipole Moment of Water Using a water molecule (H2O), its possible to calculate the magnitude and direction of the dipole moment. By comparing the electronegativity values of hydrogen and oxygen, there is a difference of 1.2e for each hydrogen-oxygen chemical bond. Oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen, so it exerts a stronger attraction on the electrons shared by the atoms. Also, oxygen has two lone electron pairs. So, you know the dipole moment must point toward the oxygen atoms. The dipole moment is calculated by multiplying the distance between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms by the difference in their charge. Then, the angle between the atoms is used to find the net dipole moment. The angle formed by a water molecule is known to be 104.5 ° and the bond moment of the O-H bond is -1.5D. ÃŽ ¼ 2(1.5)cos(104.5 °/2) 1.84 D

Contiuum of Care Bibliography Annotated Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Contiuum of Care - Annotated Bibliography Example There is a description of the various stakeholders and the components of the continuum of care, therefore, making it relevant to use when making the presentation. They also discuss how the component contributes to or detracts from the general administration of health care resources. They also depicts that at the community level, combination of medical and supportive services is the best way of enhancing continuum of care. Wilson, A., Whitaker, N., & Whitford, D. (2012, May 31). Rising to the Challenge of Health Care Reform with Entrepreneurial and Intrapreneurial Nursing Initiatives. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, p. 2. It is another reliable source of information about the continuum of health care especially in U.S The reason being that Wilson, Whitaker and Whitford (2012), explicitly describes the three dimensions of healthcare and the contribution of each to the continuum of care i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary. Wilson, Whitaker and Whitford (2012), discusses the services provided and how these services fit the continuum of care. Wilson, Whitaker and Whitford (2012), shows how this delivery component and services need to change to meet future trends and labels the characteristics of an integrated delivery system making it relevant to the study of this topic. According to Haggerty et al. (2003), the perception and veracity of continuity of care cut across both organizational and disciplinary boundaries. The collective definitions delivered here should assist healthcare providers appraise continuity more meticulously and enhance communication. Policy charters and reports in the whole world urge a strenuous effort to boost continuum of care. The presentation would not be complete without the use of this article. Best (2010), outlines educational advances for adaptive work roles and aspects of educational research to lighten issues for the future geriatric well-being and oral

SUBBAND CODING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SUBBAND CODING - Essay Example Index terms-- template, markup, discount I. INTRODUCTION The degree to which the bit rate can be reduced or compressed without impairing the quality of the decoded signal strongly determines the efficiency of an encoding technique. Typically, speech and audio signals have a high degree of redundancy which may be exploited to reduce the bit rate. In addition, the human auditory system possesses certain properties which may be useful in reducing the bit rate without compromising the quality of the decoded signal. 1 To take advantage of the aforementioned properties, a variety of techniques have been developed to efficiently represent speech and audio signals in digital form for either transmission or storage purposes. Since two different sub bands in each signal exist, the lower-frequency band and high-frequency band, and most of the energy in the signal is contained in the lower frequencies, it is possible to encode the lower-frequency band with more bits than the high-frequency band. Sub-band coding is a powerful approach where a speech or audio signal is broken down into several frequency bands and each band is digitally encoded separately. 2 II. Sub-Band coding implementation Figure 1 shows the basic configuration of the two- band sub-band design. The input signal represented as xi (n) is divided into two equally spaced frequency bands by low pass filter and high pass filter, represented as H1 and H2 respectively. After deviation, the sampling rate of each sub-band signal is reduced by a factor of 2. For instance, if the sampling rate for the input signal is Fs, then the sampling rate for each of the sub band after the deviation will be Fs/2. Reducing the signal by a factor of 2 follows every after frequency subdivision. By allocating a different number of bits per sample to the signal in the sub-bands, a reduction in the bit rate of the digitalized speech signal can be achieved. Meanwhile, the receiver converts the sub-band signals back to their original sam pling rate by using the similar low pass and high pass filters as the input. The sum of two sub-band signals represented as xo (n) is the reconstructed signal of the input signal (Figure 1). Figure 1 After the input signal has been decomposed into two sub-band signals, each signal is then passed through the Quantizers. The resulting signals are represented as QL and QH in the figure above. Filter design is particularly important in achieving good performance in sub-band coding.2 III. implementing the system using sub-band coding A. Creating a New Paper For writing a paper from scratch using the IEEETRAN.DOT template, or creating an empty document in the template for cutting and pasting text from an existing file in some non-Word format, the following steps should be followed: 1. Copy IEEETRAN.DOT into the template’s directory, e.g., C:\MSoffice\Templates, so that it will be available from within Word. 2. Open Microsoft Word. 3. In the File menu, select New option. In the New dialog, select IEEETRAN.DOT. 4. IEEETRAN.DOT's startup macro will pop up a dialog box requesting to type in text for several of the paper’s elements. Some information may be typed in the box if all the information being asked is not yet available. In fact, the default text can be left in place for the meantime. These elements can always be edited later. Note that the macro will not be repeated when the user re-opens the document. The cursor should now be positioned near the top of the paper, indicating that the program is now ready to begin

Analyzing Various Types Of Debt Instruments Existing Finance Essay

Analyzing Various Types Of Debt Instruments Existing Finance Essay INTRODUCTION First chapter describes the basis behind doing this study. Then, it examines the objectives of this study and some limitations of the study. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is to analyze various types of Debt instruments existing. It aims to develop an understanding of the growth of the topic. It also includes the impact of these instruments on the country and on various companies. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The main objectives of this paper are To conduct a study on the requirement of debt instruments To understand why debts instruments are important To analyze these instruments LIMITATIONS OF STUDY Due to lack of information available the graphs and the statistics shown are of previous years (2007-2008) As the data was gathered from secondary sources, the authority of the data could not be tested. Another problem was knowledge constraint and this report is an attempt to gather as much of relevant data as possible. However, every effort was made to ensure that these do not in any way adversely affect the results of the study. INTRODUCTION The debt markets today are a major source of financing than the banking system. It is any market situation where debt instruments are traded. It establishes a planned environment where the debts are traded amongst the interested parties. The debt markets are known by other names based on the types of instruments are traded. For example when municipal or corporate bond are traded, debt market is called bond market whereas if notes or securities or mortgages are traded market is called credit market. The debt market is three times larger than stock/equity market. The debt markets are categorized into two other markets called money market and capital market. Money market is a subsection of the fixed income market. It specializes in short-term debts with the maturity of one-year. Capital markets specialize in long-term debts. It is a market in which financial instruments are traded by the institutions and individuals. Institutions or organizations in either private or public sectors sell securities to raise funds in these markets. Both these terms are mistakenly applied. In capital market assets (including equities) are taken into consideration and they are amortized over the period of time. Money market is more of debts which are readily sold at price predictable within short time. But it is very difficult to distinguish between money and non-money based on one year maturity line. Some of the debt instruments are traded Over-the-counter and not through exchanges. They are traded in an electronic network market where the brokers or dealers act as mediators. Money markets are not accessible by small investors except through MFs. Corporate associates or groups or even individual investors may participate in the debt market. There may be very little difference between how corporate associates or an individual participate depending on the regulations of the government. The interest rates are the price of the money which increases with the increase in the demand to borrow money. The debt market is influenced by credit-worthiness of the borrower, term-to-maturity, security for loan and many other factors. But government also tries to regulate the interest rates to stimulate the economies with complete focus on inflation. The main advantage of debt market is the degree of risk associated with the investment opportunity is very low. For the investors who avoid participating in the riskier ventures in which there is less or smaller returns favors bonds and similar investments. A significant amount of money is earned even of returns are not high in the debt market. WHAT ARE DEBT INSTRUMENTS? For every individual financial planning is an important task. For the preservation of principal amount the investors should distribute a major portion of their investments in debt instruments. A debt instrument is an electronic obligation or any paper that permits an issuing party to raise funds by assuring it to pay back a lender in accordance with the terms and conditions of a contract. The predetermined conditions which are mentioned in the contract are the periodicity and rate of interest and the date of the repayments of the principal amount. Debt instruments  are an easier way for  participants and markets transfer the rights of  debt obligations from one party to another. Debt obligation  transferability increases liquidity and gives creditors a means of trading debt obligations  on  the market. Without debt instruments acting as a means to facilitate trading, debt is an obligation from one party to another. When a debt instrument is used as a medium to facilitate debt trading, debt obligations  can be moved from one party to another quickly and efficiently. In Indian Securities market, the term bond is used for debt instrument given by Central and state government and the term debenture is used for the instruments issued by private sectors. OBJECTIVE OF DEBT INSTRUMENT Preservation of principal amount and getting modest returns is the main objective of the debt funds. Investors look for both short-term and long-term investments. There are many instruments available in the market so one can choose easily any or mix of instruments according to its requirements. FEATURES OF DEBT INSTRUMENTS The features of the instruments are: Safety of the principal amount Guaranteed returns for the investors. Some of these instruments also qualify for tax rebates under Section 80C. Currently 8-9% interest per annum are quoted for medium to long-term deposits whereas it is 6-7% returns for short-term deposits Nowadays, many banks provide funds sweep-in /sweep-out facility where a balance beyond a certain limit automatically gets converted into a fixed deposit and banks pay the fixed deposit interest on it. This can be an option for a short-term horizon. There are three main features of debt instruments Maturity Coupon Principal Maturity Maturity refers to the date on which the bond matures. It is the date on which the borrower agrees to repay the principal amount. Term-to-maturity refers to the number of years remaining for the bond to mature. It changes every day from the date of the issue to the maturity of the bond. It is also called the tenure or term of the bond. Coupon Coupon Rate refers to the periodic payment of interest made by the issuer of the bond to the lender of the bond. Coupons are declared either by stating the number (example: 8%) or with a benchmark rate (example: MIBOR+0.5%). It is usually represented as a percentage of the face value or the par value of the bond. Principal It is the amount which is borrowed. It is the face or the par value of the bond. The product of the coupon rate and principal is the coupon. For example a GS CG2008 11.40% bond refers to a Central Government bond maturing in the year 2008, and paying a coupon of 11.40%. Since Central Government bonds have a face value of Rs.100, and normally pay coupon semi-annually, this bond will pay Rs. 5.70 as six- monthly coupon, until maturity, when the bond will be redeemed. The term to maturity of a bond can be calculated on any date, as the distance between such a date and the date of maturity. It is also called the term or the tenor of the bond. For instance, on February 17, 2004, the term to maturity of the bond maturing on May 23, 2008 will be 4.27 years. The general day count convention in bond market is 30/360European which assumes total 360 days in a year and 30 days in a month. There is no rigid classification of bonds on the basis of their term to maturity. Generally bonds with tenors of 1-5 years are called short-term bonds; bonds with tenors ranging from 4 to 10 years are medium term bonds and above 10 years are long term bonds. In India, the Central Government has issued up to 30 year bonds. CHARACTERISTICS OF DEBT INSTRUMENTS The primary characteristics of debt instruments are: Issuance of an instrument is easy Any company with or without past track record can issue these instruments Rate of interest are fixed or floating Fixed commitments are imposed on servicing Debt instruments may be flexible in the period of repayment or nature of interest but they impose fixed commitments on servicing or business. Failure to do servicing of these instruments would be termed as default with adverse effects on the companys standing in the financial sector. Risk is low Investors in such instruments being creditors of the company have priority over equity and preference shareholders in receiving return (in the form of interest) in such instruments. These carries priority claim on the assets of the firm (if secured) in the event of bankruptcy. TYPES OF DEBT INSTRUMENTS There are various debt instruments. The debt instruments can be categorized into long-term and short-term debt depending on the time for which the amount has been raised or the repayment period. The debt instruments are mentioned as follows: C:UsersdellDesktopdebtinst.bmp Long term Debt Long-term debts are mainly bonds and debentures with the tenure greater than one year. Debentures A debenture is an instrument of debt executed by the company acknowledging its obligation to repay the sum at a specified rate and also carrying an interest. Company can raise loan capital from debentures A debenture is thus like a certificate of loan or a loan bond evidencing the fact that the company is liable to pay a specified amount with interest and although the money raised by the debentures becomes a part of the companys capital structure, it does not become share capital. The main characteristics of debentures are: Fixed interest instrument with changeable period of maturity May or may not be listed on stock exchange, if listed they should be rated by any of the credit rating agencies chosen by SEBI Can be either offered for subscription or privately placed A debenture redemption reserve has to be maintained when offered for subscription The period of maturity varies from 3 to 10 years and may also be more for projects having high gestation period Types of debentures Various types of debentures are as follows: Non convertible debentures (NCD) Fully convertible debentures (FCD) Partially convertible debentures (PCD) NCDs are those in which total amount if instrument in redeemed by the lender whereas FCDs are those in which the whole value of the instrument is converted into equity. The conversion price is given when the instrument is borrowed. PCDs are those in which part of the instrument is redeemed and part of it is converted into equity. Conversion price is the price of each equity share received by converting the par or face value of the debenture. The number of equity shares exchangeable per unit of the convertible security i.e. debentures is called the conversion ratio. The period of time after which the debenture is converted into equity is called the conversion period. The convertible instruments are generally used to stem the sudden outflow of the capital at the time of maturity of the instrument causing temporary liquidity problems. Alternately, the company has to raise funds from a different source or issue fresh instruments to tide over and also has to bear the transaction costs in the process. Debentures might be either callable or puttable. Callable debenture is a debenture in which the issuing company has the option of redeeming the security before the specified redemption date at a pre-determined price. Similarly, a puttable security is a security where the holder of the instrument has the option of getting it redeemed before maturity. Bonds A bond is a debt security in which authorized borrower or issuer owes the lender or the holder a debt and is obliged to repay the principal amount and interest at maturity. It is a loan in the form of securities having varying terminologies: The issuer is equivalent to the borrower, the bond holder to the lender, and the coupon to the interest. It enables the issuer to finance long-term investments with external funds. Bonds and stocks are both securities, but the major difference between the two is that stock-holders are the owners of the company (i.e., they have an equity stake), whereas bond-holders are lenders to the issuing company. Another difference is that bonds usually have a defined term, or maturity, after which the bond is redeemed, whereas stocks may be outstanding indefinitely. An exception is a consol bond, is a perpetuity bond (i.e., bond with no maturity). There may be many types of bonds- such as infrastructure, regular income, deep discounts or tax savings. These are instruments having fixed interest rate and a definite period of maturity. The main difference between bonds and debentures is that debenture is secured and bond is not. Hence bonds have higher rate of interest than debentures. There are many kinds of bonds available such as: Floating rate or fixed rate bonds High yield bonds Subordinated bonds Perpetual bonds Asset-backed securities Bearer bond Zero Coupon bonds Registered bond Inflation linked bonds Book entry bonds Municipal bonds War bond Lottery bond Medium term loan These are loans extended for a period of 2 to 5 years. The purposes for which these loans are issued are: Short gestation projects: The short gestation projects could be for purchase of balancing equipment, for incremental expansion of capacity. Refinancing of loans in case of very long projects where the repayment of the term loans might occur prior to sufficient cash flows being generated by the project. For meeting any other medium term shortfall in funding arising out of an acquisition or bulleted repayment of a large loan, etc The methods for issuing medium term loans are similar to those required for project finance. In case of meeting a medium term mismatches not linked to a project or equipment, the financing decision would be on the basis of a cash flow analysis indicating the need for such medium term funding and an analysis of overall profitability and financial to the business to provide lender comfort. Other than these aspects, the procedures for availing Medium Term loans follows the requirements sought by the lenders in case of Project financing/ long term lending. Public Deposits These are those deposits that are achieved by many small and large firms from the public. The public deposits are issued mainly to finance the working capital requirements of the firm. The rate of interest offered varies with time period of the public deposits. The rate of interest which is mostly offered by the companies on the deposits made on one year is 8-9%, for two year deposits rate is 9-10% and for three years rate offered is 10-11%. For public deposits there are some rules which the companies have to follow according to Companies Amendment Rules 1978: 3 years is the maximum period of maturity for public deposits whereas 6 months is minimum period For NBFC 5 years is the maximum period of maturity The companies need to disclose the information regarding the financial position and performance 10% of the deposits need to be kept aside by the companies every year by 30th April by the companies having public deposits. This will mature by 31st March next year. Advantages enjoyed by companies Simple and Easy process in gaining public deposit No restrictive agreement Reasonable cost incurred after tax No collateral Disadvantages Very limited funds raised Short period of maturity Advantages enjoyed by investors Higher rate of interest Shorter maturity period Disadvantages No tax exemption No collateral Short-term debts The debts which are raised for less than one year are short-term debts. These are categorized into market instruments and financial assistance granted by NBFC, Commercial Banks and Term Lending Institutions focusing on the short term needs of a business. Commercial Paper These are unsecured promissory notes. These are issued by those companies having high credit ratings. The maturity of CPs is 1 to 270 days. They are issued at face value and redeemed at face value. CPs can be issued by companies, which have a minimum networth of Rs.4 crores and needs a mandatory credit rating of minimum A2 (ICRA), P2 (Crisil), D2 (Duff Phelps) and PR2 (Credit Analysis Research). The rating should not be more than 2 months old. It can be issued for a minimum amount of Rs.25 lakhs and more in multiples of Rs.5 lakh. Since the companies are not pledging any collateral, only companies having high credit-worthiness are allowed to issue CPs. They are usually sold at discounts and have higher interest repayments dates than bonds. Advantages: Flexibility in maturity Lower cost of capital with high credit ratings Disadvantages: It brings down credit limits of the banks Very restrictive about issuance of CPs Limited to blue chip companies Inter-Corporate Deposits (ICDs) These are funds raised by corporate companies from other corporate. This is a form of dis-intermediated financing, where corporate with surplus funding directly lend to those in need of funding of such funds and thereby save on the spreads that banks would have charged in borrowing from one to lend to the other. This is very efficient means of investment. The ICDs issuance was very poor in India. In early nineties companies raised funds from public without even identifying the projects for investments. These sums were then deployed in the ICDs market where the borrowers more often than not invested in the booming financial assets (shares) or real estate. Often monies were lent to group companies for propping up the shares of different companies of the group. The end of the boom in financial and real assets saw significant amounts of defaults in ICDs and a virtual closure of the market.

A person I would like to become

Everybody goes about life being whatever he is or doing whatever he is supposed to be, but in the heart of hearts, everyone has a longing – a longing to be someone else other than being himself. ‘What do you want to be’ is an often-asked question. If I were to be asked whom I want to be, at least for as brief a time as one day, my answer would be Mother Teresa. Mother Teresa’s life is what I would call a perfect life. To leave one’s own country and people and go to a totally alien county at a tender age to serve the underprivileged people requires tremendous strength and faith. Mother Teresa was an embodiment of purity, love, and selflessness. Mother Teresa, as everyone knows, had to endure a lot of tribulations because she started from absolutely nothing.   Yet her love and compassion for the poor and neglected made her stick to her task. Nobody can imagine the strength and determination housed in the fragile body. She was a blessed soul with a vision, and it was her faith in God and humanity that kept her going ahead with her noble task. It is a boon to even know her. So, if there is one person who I would want to be, then without any doubt, it would be Mother Teresa. Even at the peak of her popularity, Mother Teresa was simple and modest.   That a person can still be so simple in the midst of all the popularity baffles me. Her life had a purpose.   Mother Teresa has made the lives of countless people worth living.   Known also as â€Å"Saint of the Gutters,† Mother Teresa started an order of nuns, the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta and the strength grew from 12 sisters to over 3000 in just 50 years. To see God in all His creation, especially the poor, the underprivileged, the neglected, is something very rare, and it is this rarity in her which inspired me all the more, and I would embrace any opportunity to be Mother Teresa, at least for a brief   period. Reference The Mother Teresa of Calcutta Memorial page, [Electronic Version] Retrieved on June 4, 2005, from http://www.catholic.net                                    

Discuss whether private policing can ever ensure public security

Not only is policing conveyed by an escalating array of public bodies organized at a diversity of geographical levels, but the private and municipal parts are themselves becoming more perceptible in this arena. It is far from clear, though to what degree the growth of policing services delivered by agencies other than the state police symbolizes the filling of a gap left by the incapability or disinclination of the state police to give services the public wants.It may represent changes in the nature of modern life and institutions in which the growth of these services lies along, is complementary to, the steady growth in spending on the state police and other public policing services like Environmental Health Officers or the Post Office Investigation Department.Nor is it obvious that there has been the immense growth in non-police ‘policing' which is often claimed. surely there has been a huge increase in the employment of uniformed private security personnel. owever if ‘ policing' in its broadest sense is construed to include those people who, like wardens, caretakers, park-keepers, and gamekeepers, have always been employed to guard, protect, and manage both public and private property and locations, then much of this growth may simply imitate changes in the way the task is done. What is clear is that, for a diversity of reasons, the respective roles of the police and private security organizations now increasingly be related. The boundaries between them are becoming less well defined.This is the consequence, in part at least, of a process referred to as the ‘decreasing equivalence between private property and private space'. The subsequent half of the twentieth century has seen a rapid growth in property which is privately owned but to which the public typically has access. This property includes shopping centers, built-up estates, educational institutions, parks, offices, and leisure centers. More and more public life is being performed on private property.Thus the protection of private property, a fundamental aim of private security-has increasingly come to take in the maintenance of public order as while, for example, there are demonstrations against new road construction. Private security services have intruded more and more on what used to be considered the restricted domain of the state police. The boundaries between public and private policing have further were indistinct because of the operations of an escalating number of agencies whose formal status and functional activities are hard to classify.These have most usually been referred to as ‘hybrid' or ‘grey' policing bodies. They take in, for example, the surveillance, investigative, and dogmatic sections attached to central and local government departments. The place of some of these bodies has been made even more ‘grey' by the privatization programme the government has practiced. For example the British Transport Police will persist to poli ce our railway network: they will, for the foreseeable future, give a contract service that the new railway companies have been given no option but to accept.Johsnton (1999) asserts that private policing consists of two components. ‘Commercial’ policing involves the purchase and sale of security commodities in the market place. ‘Civil’ policing consists of those voluntary policing activities undertaken by individuals and groups in civil society. The history of commercial policing in Britain is a long one, McMullan’s (1987) account of crime control in sixteenth and seventeenth century London pointing to the systematic recruitment of paid informers and thief-takers by a state unable to control unregulated areas.This is an early example of what South (1984) has referred to as ‘the commercial compromise of the state’, an invariable feature of all systems in which the commercial sector has a policing role, though one whose precise character v aries with circumstances. The private security industry is a large, lucrative, and growing part of the UK economy. Different estimates of the annual turnover of the industry are obtainable.A 1979 Home Office Green Paper suggested an annual turnover in 1976 of ?135 million and, according to the marketing consultancy Jordan and Sons, total annual sales during the early 1980s were in excess of 400 million. Jordan's 1989 and 1993 reports suggest respectively that the yearly turnover of the industry increased from ?476. 4 million in 1983 to ?807. 6 million in 1987 and ?1, 225. 6 million in 1990. One recent estimate by one of the regulatory bodies in the private security industry has put the turnover for 1994 at ?2, 827 million (Daily Telegraph, 15 August 1996).Because private security firms take up a position of trust for those who utilize them to protect their persons and property, as the evidence suggests that individuals and groups put off to people who wear uniforms intended to conju re the authority of the police, and as those who provide security services are in a position to abuse that reverence and trust, we do not think it is any longer defensible to allow the private security industry to continue unregulated. There is proof of abuse.There are undoubted cowboys on the loose and there is nothing at present to prevent disreputable and criminally-minded operators from proffering any security service they wish. Indeed, even a Government ideologically committed to reducing the amount of directive has recently come round to the view that some type of control of the private security industry is now essential. In August 1996, the Home Office announced that a statutory body to vet people wanting to work in private security was to be recognized, and that new criminal offences of utilizing an unlicensed guard and working as an unlicensed guard would be introduced.Given that these plans are both indistinct and not accompanied by any schedule for implementation. There i s currently no constitutional licensing or regulative system of any kind for the private security industry in Britain. This distinction with almost all other European countries. Britain stands practically alone in not having admission requirements for firms offering security services and, together with Germany, not setting performance rations for private security operatives. Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands.Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland all have some form of governmental control over their private security industries (de Waard J. 1993). Estimates of the size of the industry in Britain have been notoriously inaccurate. However, recent research by Jones & Newburn (1998), based on data drawn from the Yellow Pages Business Classification and the Labour Force Survey, has produced far more reliable figures. Total employment in the British contract security industry now exceeds one third of a million (333,631), with emplo yment in the ‘services and equipment sector’ (which includes guarding) standing at 182,596.This latter figure, alone, is equivalent to the total number of police and civilians employed in the 43 constabularies in England and Wales. As is the case in other countries, the most rapid area of expansion is in electronic security. Indeed, out of the total of 6,899 security companies identified in the research, no fewer than 2,547 are in the electronics sector, the remainder being in services and equipment (2,281), the provision of locks and safes (864), detective services (767) and bailiff services (440).In the case of Britain, for example, the estimation of private security employees (70,000) appears to include only those working for member companies of the British Security Industry Association, the main trade body. On the basis of these figures, Britain ranks sixth in terms of private security employees (123 per 100,000 inhabitants) and has a private security to public poli ce ratio of 0. 39:1. By using Jones & Newburn’s (1998) data, however, these estimates are transformed dramatically.This happens whether one bases calculation on guard numbers alone, or upon the total number of personnel employed in the security industry. In the first case, the figure of 182,596 guards identified in the research generates 321 security personnel per 100,000 inhabitants and a private security to public police ratio of 1:1. In the second case, 333,631 security employees generates a private security to public police ratio of 1. 85:1, a figure far in excess of the estimate for Germany, the highest ranked country in the sample.In effect, two conclusions can be drawn from Jones & Newburn’s (1998) research: that Britain has roughly one private security guard for every public police officer, a figure comparable to that found in the USA during the early 1980s (Cunningham & Taylor 1985:106); and that Britain has almost two private security employees for each polic e officer. Although there are diverse estimates of the number of organizations trading in the private security sector, and the numbers of people working, few of them emerge to be reliable.The best accessible figures suggest that, in broad terms, the number of private security employees, including those persons concerned in the manufacture and installation of security devices, is as a minimum the equivalent of the total complement of the forty-three constabularies in England and Wales; data from the government's Labour Force Survey propose that there are almost surely over 162,000 people working in the private security industry, but the actual total can be at least half as many again (Jones T. , and Newburn T. 1995).This rapid growth in private security gives a vivid image that policing involves much more than the police and what the police do. The point is made all the more obvious if one thinks that most symbolic of all police tasks, mobile patrol. It is momentarily worth consideri ng two instances where a ‘police patrol' presence is provided by personnel other than police constables. First is the Sedgefield Community Force. For several years local councils have employed in-house security operations to keep council property and employees.The Sedgefield Community Force, a local authority police force in County Durham, became operational in January 1994. The force provides a 24-hour patrolling service within the geographical confines of the District an area of 85 square miles and a population of 90,000 people. The ten patrol officers wear uniforms similar to those worn by police officers. They travel mostly in cars, though they are encouraged to leave them to patrol on foot. They received 1,284 calls from the public in their first year.Johsnton (1999) asserts that Private policing resolves the tension within that relationship: maximizing consumption by restricting access to those who might undermine the commercial imperative—drunks, beggars and the like. In most western societies—though particularly in North America—there is an increased tendency for residential space to adopt the form of mass private property, people living in private apartment blocks and gated communities, rather than in traditional streets.Though this is undoubtedly a global tendency, however, there may be variations in the speed and scope of its development. Jones & Newburn (1998) note that, in Britain, locations which would be archetypal forms of mass private property in North America (such as educational institutions, leisure complexes and hospital sites) have either been owned and run by the state or by non-market ‘hybrid’ organizations (Johnston 1992). For that reason, they suggest, ‘mass hybrid property’, rather than mass private property, may be of greater relevance to the future development of commercial policing in Britain.Though the Sedgefield Community Force provides a noticeable patrol it was set up as a n on-confrontational force and has a strategy of ‘observing and reporting' based on a presupposition of not using officers' citizen's powers of arrest. A small-scale piece of research on the Sedgefield Community Force carried out concerning six months after it was set up found that just under two-thirds of local residents said without any prompting that they had heard of the Force (I'Anson J. , and Wiles P. 1995).This part of respondents increased to three-quarters after the force was portrayed to them. There is some indication from the survey that the public feels safer as the Force was introduced, and a considerable proportion of those questioned felt that the Community Force would act to put off criminal activity. There was obvious evidence that local residents saw the Force as setting off what the local constabulary was doing.Generally respondents said they would not be happy to have the members of the Force as the sole deferrers of crime. owever when asked who they would be contented to have patrolling their streets: 91 per cent said police specials or a new rank of police patroller; 83 per cent said a council-employed community force; 43 per cent said common citizens; and 33 per cent said private security guards. A further survey of residents who had asked for help from the Sedgefield Force discovered that the immense majority of calls concerned vandalism, anti-social behavior, and nuisance — incivilities concerning which all the research evidence shows the public is usually concerned though a large minority, about a fifth, concerned straight-forward crime (Wiles P. 996).Moreover those persons calling for help were extremely appreciative of the service they received. Though direct comparisons cannot simply be made, the residents who call the Sedgefield Community Force are as a minimum as appreciative of the service they receive, conceivably more so, than are people who call the police (Bucke, 1996). The second example is the Wands worth Parks Constabulary. Under the Public Health (Amendment) Act 1907, all local authorities in England and Wales can affirm in park employees as special constables though there are few instances of any doing so.Legislation, bearing upon London only, has though been used by several boroughs in the capital to set up Parks Constabularies. in the Ministry of Housing and Local Government Provisional Order Confirmation (Greater London Parks and Open Spaces) Act 1967, Wands worth recognized its Parks Constabulary in 1985. There are thirty full-time uniformed officers and twenty-five part-timers (effectively ‘specials') in the Wands worth Parks Constabulary.They patrol the parks and open spaces in the borough — about 850 acres in all — and give security services in council premises, particularly the branch libraries, leisure centers, and youth and recreation facilities. The constables aim to act mainly as a restriction rather than an enforcement body. The problems with which they deal emerge to be similar to those dealt with in Sedgefield. They comprise incivilities linked with drunkenness, the control of dogs, the use of bicycles, and the like. however they also deal with crime.In 1994 and 1995 the Wands worth Parks Police made 105 and 134 arrests correspondingly: these included supposed offences of dishonesty (including burglary, theft, and robbery), criminal damage, gross coarseness, and drugs offences. They took their arrestees to Metropolitan Police stations where there appears to have been little complexity in getting the majority of their charges accepted. Certainly the research proof is that the relationship between the Parks Police and the Metropolitan Police is an optimistic and close one (Jones T. , and Newburn T. 998).In addition the constables monitor the CCTV cameras that are positioned in Wandsworth's parks, act as key holders in relation to a large number of local power buildings, provide a cash-in transit service for some local authority fun ctions, and accompany some local authority employees. Similar, although generally less wide-ranging, parks police also operate in Kensington and Chelsea, Barking and Dagenham and in Greenwich. The public is ever more engaged in activities in areas where policing is undertaken by private organizations.Progressively households, neighborhoods, and institutions (both public and private) are becoming dependent on commercially provided surveillance technology and patrols for their sense of security. As, demands on the police have prolonged, so the police have become reliant on skills available in, and services provided by, the private sector. This is mainly to be welcomed, and positive collaboration between the public and private sectors needs to be encouraged.There are several benefits to be gained from constructive partnership. But it is fundamental that this partnership be based on integrity. The public, pass up the police, must have confidence that the very highest standards are being uphold in any agency with which the police are affianced in partnership. For these reasons we conclude that the time has come to bring in a system of official or statutory directive of the private security industry.There is no case for granting private security personnel powers not accessible to the ordinary citizen and, as far as it is been competent to discover, there is no demand from either within or without the industry that such powers must be granted, except in very particular situation. One such circumstance is given by the contracted-out management of prisons. The Criminal Justice Act gives that the prisoner custody officers employed by the security companies now running five prisons are authorized to search prisoners and their visitors and to use such force as is essential to avert prisoners from escaping.But this kind of exception apart we can see no motive why citizens' powers are insufficient for dealing with the type of situations with which private security personnel are expected to be confronted while guarding or on patrol. Indeed, quite opposing. The fact that security personnel have no powers beyond those accessible to the ordinary citizen itself gives a desirable check on their activities and evidently demarcates, both in law and in the eyes of the public in general, what is otherwise becoming an increasingly fuzzy border between the police and private ‘policing' enterprises.The realism of private security is that their personnel are not like usual citizens. They may not have extra powers, but they have precise responsibilities, they are organized, they are usually recruited as of their physical suitability, they are dressed in a way to emphasize their capacity to coerce, they might be trained in self-defense or have experience in how to ‘handle themselves' in circumstances thought to rationalize reasonable force, they are more expected to employ force, and so on.All these influencing conditions suggest, given the extensive conc erns ‘about the de facto power exerted by private security personnel whose reliability is uncertain, whose public liability is non-existent, and whose allegiance is by definition to whomsoever pays the piper, that there is a very well-built case for ensuring that in law they exercise no more right to use force than the rest of us. We conclude that no transform in citizens' powers of arrest is reasonable.The key area, is where private security staff are concerned in the policing of space which is public -streets, housing estates, and so on — or which the public thinks to be public, although it is actually private, that is places like shopping malls, football grounds, hospitals, and so on. We believe any new form of regulation must certainly cover the work of private security guards, together with contract and in-house guards. The Home Affairs Select Committee excluded in-house staff from its commendations for regulation.However, though the evidence signifies that there a re fewer complaints concerning in house security services, the fact that there is considerable mobility between the contract and the in-house sectors leads us to believe that any new system of licensing must cover both. Moreover, given their role concerning either private property or private space to which the public have access, equally nightclub door staff and installers of electronic surveillance and security equipment ought, in our finding, also to come within a new system of directive.

Essay on The Business Plot - 1262 Words

If someone were to ask you if you could imagine a world where the United States was a fascist dictatorship, you would most likely, laugh in his or her face. After all, the United States is the poster child of a capitalistic society and even has that American dream. What people don’t realize is that in 1933 a group of elite businessmen and some powerful companies tried to plot the staging of a coup with the help of a Marine Corps Major General by the name of Smedley Butler. This may have been plotted because of the financial situation the United States was in at the time, and was eventually brought to the attention of Congress during a hearing through his testimony. Also, because there is evidence supporting this theory I do believe it;†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"During this [time], [a now] retired Marine Corps General Smedley Darlington Butler was approached by two members of the American Legion: Bill Doyle, and Gerald C. MacGuire.† This Legion operated under the guise of a veteran’s rights society. The men, initially approached Butler to speak at a nearing meeting; they explained that they were hoping that Butler’s speech would persuade the others members that they needed to remove the current management – something that could be called conditioning or a sort of test. Even though Butler listened to what they had to say, he had refused on the grounds that he did not want to interfere. Coming up with a new plan the two men approached Butler again, this time discreetly offering him $100,000 in bank deposits. After Butler arrived, â€Å"in the spectator gallery the Legionnaires were to leap to their feet demanding he speak. 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